A court will decide whether the federal government has a duty of care to protect First Nations people whose homes and communities are being threatened by the impacts of climate change.

At risk of becoming Australia’s first climate refugees, Uncle Paul Kabai and Uncle Pabai Pabai filed the landmark case against the government in the Federal Court in 2021.

They claim it failed to protect their homelands among the Torres Strait Islands from climate change. 

The uncles are seeking orders from the court that would require the government to take steps to prevent harm to their communities, including cutting greenhouse gas emissions in line with the best available science.

The court, which is due to hand down its decision on Tuesday, heard evidence communities on Boigu and Saibai could have less than 30 years left before their islands become uninhabitable.

The Commonwealth has argued it is not legally required to consider the best available science or the impacts of climate change when setting emissions reduction targets.

“The main reason me and Uncle Pabai put our hands up is Saibai and Boigu are the low-lying islands,” Mr Kabai told AAP.

“They’re only two or three metres above sea level and during monsoon season these two islands they’re flooded.”

But the case is not only about the islands of Saibai and Boigu. 

Mr Kabai said the decision could have impacts for the wider Torres Strait and communities affected by climate disasters such as flooding and bushfires on the mainland as well.

It has been a long journey for the uncles and their supporters, and Mr Kabai has mixed feelings as they approach a decision.

“Some of the people who have been working with us, they have passed, so that will be emotional,” he said.

“But I’m looking forward to it, if we can get a better outcome. Doesn’t matter win or lose, we can have an answer.”

Political differences will bump up against economic opportunities as Prime Minister Anthony Albanese meets his Chinese counterparts in the imposing Great Hall of the People in Beijing.

Tuesday’s bilateral meetings with President Xi Jinping, Premier Li Qiang and Communist Party Chairman Zhao Leji – the three highest-ranking members of China’s ruling committee – mark the centrepiece of Mr Albanese’s six-day tour of the Middle Kingdom.

President Xi is top dog in China, and the optics of Mr Albanese’s rendezvous with one of the world’s most influential leaders will be powerful.

But it’s his meeting with Premier Li, notionally the head of government in China, that will deliver any tangible agreements from the trip if they occur.

The meetings come as the Chinese-Australian free trade agreement passes its 10th anniversary.

Co-operation between the two nations has increased following a falling out during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mr Albanese will emphasise the potential for further developing business links at a CEO roundtable hosted by the Business Council of Australia on Tuesday evening.

Greater engagement between China and Australia has delivered practical benefits to both nations, building understanding between governments and businesses.

“It enables us to express our differences and to manage them, without our relationship being defined by them,” he will say.

“This is about building stronger ties where our national interests are aligned.”

Dialogue will help the countries work together to address the structural imbalances of global steel supply, maximise the economic opportunities of the global shift to net zero, and provide certainty and confidence for businesses to invest, he will say.

But fundamental political differences limit the extent of economic co-operation.

Mr Albanese is likely to raise Australian concerns over increased Chinese militarism, including Chinese naval exercises off Australian waters, and the detention of Chinese-Australian writer Yang Hengjun.

Beijing’s dissatisfaction over Australia’s plan to tear up a Chinese-owned company’s lease of Darwin Port is also likely to be broached.

An article by a Chinese state media influencer suggested Beijing could restrict Australian imports as retaliation, risking financial blowback for Australian companies.

Business Council of Australia chief executive Bran Black says the two nations’ challenges and opportunities would be best met with dialogue.

“And that’s exactly what this roundtable is about,” he will say at the event.

“Today’s agenda points to the breadth of that shared opportunity: education, smarter agriculture, the green economy and low-carbon transformation.

“But that opportunity is underpinned by the personal connections that we, collectively and personally, have the privilege to establish, re-establish, confirm and enhance today.”

Expanding the free trade agreement further into the services and investment sectors will be high on the agenda of the roundtable, as will exploring co-operation in education, smart agriculture, health and aged care.

Green energy and low-carbon steel will once again be a hot topic after it formed the focus of a roundtable between Australian iron ore miners and Chinese steelmakers in Shanghai.

The probe into the crash of an Air India plane in Ahmedabad is far from over and it is unwise to jump to any premature conclusions, airline CEO Campbell Wilson says in an internal memo after the release of a preliminary report by investigators.

The memo, reviewed by Reuters, comes after the report depicted confusion in the cockpit shortly before the crash of the Boeing Dreamliner in June that killed 260 people. 

It said the plane’s engine fuel cut-off switches flipped almost simultaneously and starved the engines of fuel.

“The release of the preliminary report marked the point at which we, along with the world, began receiving additional details about what took place. Unsurprisingly, it provided both greater clarity and opened additional questions,” the memo said.

Wilson added: “The preliminary report identified no cause nor made any recommendations, so I urge everyone to avoid drawing premature conclusions as the investigation is far from over.”

The Boeing 787 Dreamliner bound for London from the Indian city of Ahmedabad began to lose thrust and sink shortly after take-off, according to the report released by India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB).

The memo said the preliminary report found no mechanical or maintenance faults and that all required maintenance had been carried out.

The preliminary report, released on Saturday, suggested no immediate action for Boeing or GE, whose engines were fitted on to the aircraft.

The AAIB, an office under India’s civil aviation ministry, is leading the probe into the crash, which killed all but one of the 242 people on board and 19 others on the ground.

Air India has come under heightened scrutiny on multiple fronts following the crash.

On July 4, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency said it would investigate budget unit Air India Express, after a Reuters report revealed the airline failed to promptly replace engine parts on an Airbus A320 as mandated, and falsified records to indicate compliance.

ALPA India, which represents Indian pilots at the Montreal-based International Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations, rejected the presumption of pilot error in the Ahmedabad crash and called for a “fair, fact-based inquiry”.

“The pilots body must now be made part of the probe, at least as observers,” ALPA India President Sam Thomas told Reuters on Sunday.

The European Union has already prepared a list of tariffs worth 21 billion euros ($A37 billion) on US goods if the two sides fail to reach a trade deal, Italy’s Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani says.

President Donald Trump on Saturday threatened to impose a 30 per cent tariff on imports from Mexico and the EU starting on August 1 after weeks of negotiations with major US trading partners failed to reach a comprehensive deal.

Tajani told daily newspaper Il Messaggero that to help the euro zone economy the European Central Bank should consider a new “quantitative easing” bond-buying-program, and more interest rate cuts.

The European Union said on Sunday it would extend its suspension of countermeasures to US tariffs until early August and continue to press for a negotiated settlement.

Tajani said the 21-billion-euro package of tariffs the EU had already prepared could be followed by a second set if a deal with the US proved impossible.

He said, however, he was confident that progress could be made in negotiations.

“Tariffs hurt every one, starting with the United States,” he said.

“If stock markets fall that puts at risk the pensions and the savings of the Americans.”

He said the goal should be “zero tariffs” and an open market among Canada, the United States, Mexico and Europe.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz said on Sunday he would work intensively with French President Emmanuel Macron and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen to resolve the escalating trade war with the United States.

European Trade Commissioner Maros Sefcovic said on Monday that Washington and Brussels were approaching a positive outcome for both sides, and warned that a 30 per cent tariff would practically eliminate trade.

Australia and China must work together on green steel, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese says, but political tensions threaten to get in the way.

Mr Albanese urged industry leaders from both nations to work together in developing low-carbon steel production at a roundtable of Australian iron ore producers and Chinese steelmakers in Shanghai on Monday.

Growing trade and business ties is the focus of the prime minister’s six-day tour of China, but tensions over military build-up, human rights and foreign investment remain distractions.

Speaking to a room of leaders from Australian mining giants Rio Tinto, BHP, Fortescue and Hancock, as well as Chinese steelmakers, Mr Albanese said both countries had major stakes in developing green steel.

“We want Australian iron ore to be part of the solution when it comes to lowering emissions and we understand that China wants that too, and that was reiterated today,” Mr Albanese told reporters.

“These discussions were an important step forward between our two nations.”

It’s hard to overstate the Australian economy’s dependence on the Chinese iron ore trade.

China is by far Australia’s largest export destination and iron ore is easily the largest component.

In 2024, Australia shipped $104.8 billion worth of the ferrous metal to China – about a sixth of the total value of exports to all trading partners.

Fortescue executive chairman Andrew Forrest said a bilateral agreement between China and Australia would generate a jobs boom in green iron and steel, which he forecasts would create hundreds of thousands of new jobs.

But he acknowledged military tensions were a “distraction” in the relationship.

“To really build up the strength of the bilateral relationship you need those strong friendships, that very real element of business: trust between each other,” Dr Forrest said.

“And yes, security becomes a distraction, but for us we’re head down, tail up, strengthening that bilateral relationship in the best interests of Australian employment for every Australian.”

Security tensions bubbled to the surface at the weekend after revelations US Pentagon strategist Elbridge Colby had been pressing Australian and Japanese officials over what role they would play in a potential conflict with China over Taiwan.

It highlights the delicate balance awaiting Mr Albanese ahead of bilateral discussions with Chinese Premier Li Qiang and President Xi Jinping in Beijing on Tuesday.

The prime minister insisted he was not being distracted by the hawkish talk from his AUKUS partner, but security concerns undoubtedly cloud Australia’s economic engagement with China.

The Australian government’s plan to tear up a Chinese-owned company’s lease of Darwin Port over shifting geopolitical tensions will be broached as a point of contention in Mr Albanese’s discussions.

He insists economic co-operation can flourish despite ideological differences, but there’s no hiding the fact the two are intrinsically linked.

Chinese foreign direct investment in Australia has plummeted over the past decade amid tighter regulatory scrutiny from the federal government.

But Chinese capital will be crucial to building the capacity to produce green steel at scale.

“We, of course, as a country, depend upon foreign capital, and we welcome investment,” Mr Albanese said.

“We are a country that run an open economy.”

Before flying to Beijing, the prime minister delivered a speech to a high-level business lunch at the Peace Hotel.

Australian red meat, rock lobster and red wine were served at the lunch, three menu items that have found renewed favour in China after Beijing lifted trade sanctions on more than $20 billion worth of Australian imports.

Mr Albanese reiterated the importance of interpersonal relationships between Australian and Chinese business leaders and ongoing dialogue in maintaining positive relations.

“There is no fixed model for a stabilised relationship,” Mr Albanese said.

“Our job is to make sure that we manage our relationship so that we can contribute to regional and global peace and prosperity.”

Bitcoin has crossed the $US120,000 level for the first time, marking a milestone for the world’s largest cryptocurrency as investors bet on long-sought policy wins for the industry this week.

Bitcoin scaled a record high of $US121,207.55 ($A184,489.93) in the Asian session on Monday, before pulling back slightly to last trade 1.6 per cent higher at $US121,015.42 ($A184,197.49).

Starting on Monday, the US House of Representatives will debate a series of bills to provide the digital asset industry with the nation’s regulatory framework it has long demanded.

Those demands have resonated with US President Donald Trump, who has called himself the “crypto president” and urged policymakers to revamp rules in favour of the industry.

“It’s riding a number of tailwinds at the moment,” said IG market analyst Tony Sycamore, citing strong institutional demand, expectations of further gains and support from Trump as reasons for the bullishness.

“It’s been a very, very, strong move over the past six or seven days and it’s hard to see where it stops now; it looks like it can easily have a look at the $US125,000 ($A190,262) level,” he said.

The surge in bitcoin, which is up 29 per cent for the year so far, has sparked a broader rally across other cryptocurrencies over the past few sessions even in the face of Trump’s chaotic tariffs.

Ether, the second-largest token, scaled a more than five-month top of $US3,050.90 ($A4,643.77), while XRP and Solana gained about three per cent each.

The sector’s total market value has swelled to about $US3.78 trillion ($A5.75) trillion, according to data from CoinMarketCap.

Earlier this month, Washington declared the week of July 14 as “crypto week”, where members of Congress are set to vote on the Genius Act, the Clarity Act, and the Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act.

The most significant bill is the Genius Act, which would create federal rules for stablecoins.

Elsewhere, prices of crypto-listed exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in Hong Kong similarly surged.

Spot bitcoin ETFs launched by China AMC, Harvest and Bosera all scaled record highs, while the three ether ETFs managed by the asset managers were up roughly two per cent each.

Australian exporters could cash in on the US market as their major competitors are slapped with higher tariffs.

Some of America’s most important trading partners have had their confidence shaken after President Donald Trump threatened a slew of increased tariffs over the weekend.

From August 1, goods from Brazil would be subject to a 50 per cent tariff – up from 10 per cent – while items from the European Union would be hit with a 30 per cent levy – up from the pre-announced 20 per cent rate.

But Australia is yet to receive notice of a new tariff rate, meaning most products sent to the US remain at the baseline 10 per cent.

“It will give us, in some sense, an unfair playing advantage,” Monash University economics lecturer Isaac Gross told AAP.

Australia and Brazil are two of the biggest beef exporters to the US, so if the South American nation’s exports have a higher tariff they will become more expensive for American consumers, which could push them towards Australian goods and increase trade.

Similarly, Australia competes with the European Union on wine exports to the US and an increased levy on alcohol from Italy or France could fuel American demand.

However, Australian exports will still be less competitive than homegrown US products, which are not subject to a tariff.

“The 10 per cent tariff will hurt us a little bit, but if the 50 per cent or the 30 per cent tariff on other companies hurts them even more, we may end up ahead,” Dr Gross said.

But all this depends on whether the US president implements his tariffs in line with his announcements.

The EU continues to press for further tariff negotiations and it is unclear whether Australia will be spared a letter from the US president.

Mr Trump has also become increasingly fickle with his tariffs and has walked them back on multiple occasions when other nations have threatened retaliatory action after the markets’ response.

This uncertainty has dragged on international trade with the US and could delay investment in the long term, Dr Gross said.

There has been no change to US tariffs on Australian goods, Treasurer Jim Chalmers said, and the government continues to engage with Mr Trump’s administration.

“Every week brings new developments, new uncertainties, and over the weekend, we saw more of that,” the treasurer told reporters in Canberra on Monday.

“We’ll work our way through the consequences of these sorts of announcements, which come from time to time.”

South Korea’s top trade envoy says it may be possible to strike an “in-principle” trade deal with the United States by an August 1 deadline, but time is short to work out a detailed package seeking exemption from punishing US tariffs.

Trade Minister Yeo Han-koo, who held high-level talks with US officials last week, said South Korea may have to make some strategic decisions over its agriculture market as part of trade negotiations with the United States, the Yonhap News Agency said.

“I believe it’s possible to reach an agreement in principle in the US tariff negotiations, and then take some time to negotiate further,” the Newsis news agency quoted Yeo as telling local media reporters.

“Twenty days are not enough to come up with a perfect treaty that contains every detail.”

“We need to make a strategic judgment in the case of the agriculture and livestock sectors,” Yeo was quoted as saying, adding “sensitive” areas may need continued protection but some aspects may be considered as part of the overall framework.

There was “considerable progress” in the discussion with US officials over co-operation in key industrial sectors as part of the trade talks, Yeo was cited as saying, but Washington needed to cut industry-specific tariffs on autos and steel.

On Sunday US President Donald Trump told reporters “South Korea wants to make a deal right now”, without elaborating what would cement a deal or speculate on a time frame for getting negotiations done.

South Korea is in a race to reach a compromise trade pact in the hope of avoiding a 25 per cent tariff slapped on its exports by Trump that is set to kick in on August 1, after a late start to negotiations with a new president voted in last month.

South Korean officials held meetings in Washington after Trump’s announcement, hoping to negotiate cuts or exemptions from import duties on steel and autos.

South Korea earned a record $US55.6 billion ($A84.6 billion) trade surplus with the US in 2024, up 25 per cent from 2023, led by rising car exports.

The accidental release of government department advice which warned Labor was not going to meet its housing target and urged them to raise taxes, has not rattled the treasurer.

Independent advice from the Treasury department, which was unintentionally sent to the ABC, reportedly contained subheadings which said the federal government’s promise to build 1.2 million homes by 2029 “will not be met” and called for “additional revenue and spending reductions” to achieve a sustainable budget.

Though he acknowledged Treasury’s advice had been sent “in error”, Treasurer Jim Chalmers said such incidents could happen from time to time.

“I’m pretty relaxed about it to be honest,” he told reporters in Canberra on Monday.

“Treasury advises governments of both political persuasions – that advice can’t be always adequately captured in the subheadings.”

A 2025 report from the National Housing Supply and Affordability Council – another independent government advice body – in May warned Labor would fall short of its goal by about 300,000 dwellings.

It followed a report in March commissioned by the Property Council of Australia showing the government needed to build another 462,000 homes to meet its 2029 target.

Asked if the government regretted putting out a housing target, Dr Chalmers said his government needed to be ambitious.

“We’d rather have a big, ambitious, difficult target and work around the clock to meet it … than to continue the approach of our predecessors, which was to build too few homes,” he said.

The government has also attempted to address its bottom line by reining in spending on the National Disability Insurance Scheme and proposing an increased tax on super balances above $3 million.

Dr Chalmers has pledged to strengthen Australia’s economy ahead of a trip to South Africa, where he will meet with his counterparts from other G20 countries as they deal with “extreme global economic uncertainty”.

Economic ties with countries like Indonesia, Japan, the UK and Germany could be strengthened as leaders discuss capital flows, supply chains, critical minerals and issues within their own communities.

But domestically, one of the key focuses of Labor’s second-term economic agenda will be to boost productivity.

The agenda of an economic reform roundtable, to be held in August, has been finalised with Reserve Bank governor Michele Bullock set to kick off day one, Productivity Commission chair Danielle Wood to lead day two and Treasury secretary Jenny Wilkinson to head day three.

Opposition Leader Sussan Ley claimed the government was “ignoring some of the very levers that matter most” in the productivity puzzle.

While Dr Chalmers acknowledged he could not invite every industry, he said there would be many opportunities for people to contribute.

New Zealand’s government has released a plan aimed at doubling its international education market, which includes relaxing rules around international students working part-time.

Education Minister Erica Stanford says with international student enrolments steadily increasing since 2023, the government wants to “supercharge that growth track” to $NZ7.2 billion ($A6.58 billion) by 2034.

“In the short term, Education New Zealand will focus its promotional efforts on markets with the highest potential for growth,” she added.

New Zealand’s international education market is currently worth $NZ3.6 billion to the economy and the government would like to double that over the next decade and wants to see international student enrolments grow from 83,700 in 2024 to 105,000 in 2027 and 119,000 by 2034.

This comes as countries including Australia look to reduce foreign students due to the impact on house prices and the impact on the university experience for domestic students.

To encourage more foreign students to come to New Zealand, the government plans to increase the number of hours that eligible international students can work to 25 hours from 20 hours and extend which foreign students are allowed to work in New Zealand while studying.